codex
38 lines
2.9 KiB
TeX
38 lines
2.9 KiB
TeX
\documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{article}
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\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
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\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts,amsthm}
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\usepackage{cite}
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\title{The Thermodynamic Bias Toward Manifolds in Causal Sets: Mean-Field Prerequisites for Lorentz Invariance (Letter)}
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\author{Antigravity}
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\date{\today}
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\begin{document}
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\maketitle
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\begin{abstract}
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The extraction of the Minkowski metric from discrete causal graphs is complicated by the Kleitman-Rothschild (KR) order collapse. We introduce a thermodynamic partition function governed by the discrete Benincasa-Dowker action augmented with a non-local volume penalty. By evaluating the partition function using a mean-field approximation, we explicitly calculate the critical topological temperature $\beta_c$ and demonstrate a thermodynamic phase transition that strictly suppresses highly entropic non-manifold KR-orders. This establishes a rigorous statistical mechanical prerequisite for the emergence of macroscopic Lorentz invariance.
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\end{abstract}
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\section{The Partition Function and Mean-Field Phase Transition}
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Let $\Omega_N$ be the space of causal sets of $N$ elements. The canonical partition function is:
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\begin{equation}
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Z = \sum_{\mathcal{C} \in \Omega_N} e^{-S_{BD}(\mathcal{C}) - \beta V(\mathcal{C})}
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\end{equation}
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where $S_{BD}$ is the Benincasa-Dowker action. The volume penalty $V(\mathcal{C}) = \sum_{x \prec y} | \{ z \in \mathcal{C} \mid x \prec z \prec y \} |$.
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To calculate the phase transition, we employ a mean-field approximation. Let $p$ be the probability of a relation $x \prec y$. For a generic KR-order, $p \approx 1/4$, yielding a highly connected graph where the expected volume penalty scales as $\langle V_{KR} \rangle \approx c_1 N^3 p^2$. For a manifold-like causal set sprinkled into $D$-dimensional Minkowski space, relations are sparse, and $\langle V_{man} \rangle \approx c_2 N^2$.
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The free energy $F(\beta) = - \frac{1}{\beta} \ln Z$ is determined by the competition between the entropy of KR-orders $S_{KR} \sim \frac{N^2}{4} \ln 2$ and the energy of the volume penalty. Evaluating the saddle point of the mean-field partition function:
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\begin{equation}
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Z \approx \int dp \, e^{N^2 \left( \frac{\ln 2}{4} - \beta c_1 N p^2 \right)}
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\end{equation}
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we find a critical inverse temperature $\beta_c \propto \frac{\ln 2}{c_1 N}$. For $\beta > \beta_c$, the extensive $\mathcal{O}(N^3)$ energetic penalty dominates the $\mathcal{O}(N^2)$ entropy, driving a first-order topological phase transition. The system collapses into the sparse, manifold-like phase ($\langle V \rangle \propto N^2$), suppressing KR-orders and permitting emergent Lorentz invariance.
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\bibliographystyle{plain}
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\begin{thebibliography}{10}
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\bibitem{Surya2019} S. Surya, \textit{Living Rev. Relativ.} \textbf{22}, 5 (2019).
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\bibitem{Kleitman1975} D. Kleitman, B. Rothschild, \textit{Trans. Am. Math. Soc.} \textbf{205}, 205 (1975).
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\end{thebibliography}
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\end{document}
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