754 lines
55 KiB
Plaintext
754 lines
55 KiB
Plaintext
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†R j$¾ ã óØ — d Z ddlZddlZddlmZ ddlmZmZmZ ddl m
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Z ddl m
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Z ddlmZ ddlmZ ddlmZ dej, j. z Zej, j3 e¬« G d„ d e j4 « Zd
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d œd „Z d
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„ Z G d„ dej< « Z dej, j. z Z ej, j3 e ¬« G d„ dej< « Z!y)aö
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Support for plotting vector fields.
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Presently this contains Quiver and Barb. Quiver plots an arrow in the
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direction of the vector, with the size of the arrow related to the
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magnitude of the vector.
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Barbs are like quiver in that they point along a vector, but
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the magnitude of the vector is given schematically by the presence of barbs
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or flags on the barb.
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This will also become a home for things such as standard
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deviation ellipses, which can and will be derived very easily from
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the Quiver code.
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é N)Úma)Ú_apiÚcbookÚ
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_docstring)Ú
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CirclePolygonu¨%
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Plot a 2D field of arrows.
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Call signature::
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quiver([X, Y], U, V, [C], /, **kwargs)
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*X*, *Y* define the arrow locations, *U*, *V* define the arrow directions, and
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*C* optionally sets the color. The arguments *X*, *Y*, *U*, *V*, *C* are
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positional-only.
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**Arrow length**
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The default settings auto-scales the length of the arrows to a reasonable size.
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To change this behavior see the *scale* and *scale_units* parameters.
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**Arrow shape**
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The arrow shape is determined by *width*, *headwidth*, *headlength* and
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*headaxislength*. See the notes below.
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**Arrow styling**
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Each arrow is internally represented by a filled polygon with a default edge
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linewidth of 0. As a result, an arrow is rather a filled area, not a line with
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a head, and `.PolyCollection` properties like *linewidth*, *edgecolor*,
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*facecolor*, etc. act accordingly.
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Parameters
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----------
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X, Y : 1D or 2D array-like, optional
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The x and y coordinates of the arrow locations.
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If not given, they will be generated as a uniform integer meshgrid based
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on the dimensions of *U* and *V*.
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If *X* and *Y* are 1D but *U*, *V* are 2D, *X*, *Y* are expanded to 2D
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using ``X, Y = np.meshgrid(X, Y)``. In this case ``len(X)`` and ``len(Y)``
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must match the column and row dimensions of *U* and *V*.
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U, V : 1D or 2D array-like
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The x and y direction components of the arrow vectors. The interpretation
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of these components (in data or in screen space) depends on *angles*.
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*U* and *V* must have the same number of elements, matching the number of
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arrow locations in *X*, *Y*. *U* and *V* may be masked. Locations masked
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in any of *U*, *V*, and *C* will not be drawn.
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C : 1D or 2D array-like, optional
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Numeric data that defines the arrow colors by colormapping via *norm* and
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*cmap*.
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This does not support explicit colors. If you want to set colors directly,
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use *color* instead. The size of *C* must match the number of arrow
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locations.
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angles : {'uv', 'xy'} or array-like, default: 'uv'
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Method for determining the angle of the arrows.
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- 'uv': Arrow directions are based on
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:ref:`display coordinates <coordinate-systems>`; i.e. a 45° angle will
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always show up as diagonal on the screen, irrespective of figure or Axes
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aspect ratio or Axes data ranges. This is useful when the arrows represent
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a quantity whose direction is not tied to the x and y data coordinates.
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If *U* == *V* the orientation of the arrow on the plot is 45 degrees
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counter-clockwise from the horizontal axis (positive to the right).
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- 'xy': Arrow direction in data coordinates, i.e. the arrows point from
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(x, y) to (x+u, y+v). This is ideal for vector fields or gradient plots
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where the arrows should directly represent movements or gradients in the
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x and y directions.
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- Arbitrary angles may be specified explicitly as an array of values
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in degrees, counter-clockwise from the horizontal axis.
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In this case *U*, *V* is only used to determine the length of the
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arrows.
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For example, ``angles=[30, 60, 90]`` will orient the arrows at 30, 60, and 90
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degrees respectively, regardless of the *U* and *V* components.
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Note: inverting a data axis will correspondingly invert the
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arrows only with ``angles='xy'``.
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pivot : {'tail', 'mid', 'middle', 'tip'}, default: 'tail'
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The part of the arrow that is anchored to the *X*, *Y* grid. The arrow
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rotates about this point.
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'mid' is a synonym for 'middle'.
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scale : float, optional
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Scales the length of the arrow inversely.
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Number of data values represented by one unit of arrow length on the plot.
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For example, if the data represents velocity in meters per second (m/s), the
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scale parameter determines how many meters per second correspond to one unit of
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arrow length relative to the width of the plot.
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Smaller scale parameter makes the arrow longer.
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By default, an autoscaling algorithm is used to scale the arrow length to a
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reasonable size, which is based on the average vector length and the number of
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vectors.
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The arrow length unit is given by the *scale_units* parameter.
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scale_units : {'width', 'height', 'dots', 'inches', 'x', 'y', 'xy'}, default: 'width'
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The physical image unit, which is used for rendering the scaled arrow data *U*, *V*.
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The rendered arrow length is given by
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length in x direction = $\frac{u}{\mathrm{scale}} \mathrm{scale_unit}$
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length in y direction = $\frac{v}{\mathrm{scale}} \mathrm{scale_unit}$
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For example, ``(u, v) = (0.5, 0)`` with ``scale=10, scale_units="width"`` results
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in a horizontal arrow with a length of *0.5 / 10 * "width"*, i.e. 0.05 times the
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Axes width.
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Supported values are:
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- 'width' or 'height': The arrow length is scaled relative to the width or height
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of the Axes.
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For example, ``scale_units='width', scale=1.0``, will result in an arrow length
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of width of the Axes.
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- 'dots': The arrow length of the arrows is in measured in display dots (pixels).
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- 'inches': Arrow lengths are scaled based on the DPI (dots per inch) of the figure.
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This ensures that the arrows have a consistent physical size on the figure,
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in inches, regardless of data values or plot scaling.
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For example, ``(u, v) = (1, 0)`` with ``scale_units='inches', scale=2`` results
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in a 0.5 inch-long arrow.
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- 'x' or 'y': The arrow length is scaled relative to the x or y axis units.
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For example, ``(u, v) = (0, 1)`` with ``scale_units='x', scale=1`` results
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in a vertical arrow with the length of 1 x-axis unit.
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- 'xy': Arrow length will be same as 'x' or 'y' units.
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This is useful for creating vectors in the x-y plane where u and v have
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the same units as x and y. To plot vectors in the x-y plane with u and v having
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the same units as x and y, use ``angles='xy', scale_units='xy', scale=1``.
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Note: Setting *scale_units* without setting scale does not have any effect because
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the scale units only differ by a constant factor and that is rescaled through
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autoscaling.
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units : {'width', 'height', 'dots', 'inches', 'x', 'y', 'xy'}, default: 'width'
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Affects the arrow size (except for the length). In particular, the shaft
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*width* is measured in multiples of this unit.
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Supported values are:
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- 'width', 'height': The width or height of the Axes.
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- 'dots', 'inches': Pixels or inches based on the figure dpi.
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- 'x', 'y', 'xy': *X*, *Y* or :math:`\sqrt{X^2 + Y^2}` in data units.
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The following table summarizes how these values affect the visible arrow
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size under zooming and figure size changes:
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================= ================= ==================
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units zoom figure size change
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================= ================= ==================
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'x', 'y', 'xy' arrow size scales —
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'width', 'height' — arrow size scales
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'dots', 'inches' — —
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================= ================= ==================
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width : float, optional
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Shaft width in arrow units. All head parameters are relative to *width*.
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The default depends on choice of *units* above, and number of vectors;
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a typical starting value is about 0.005 times the width of the plot.
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headwidth : float, default: 3
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Head width as multiple of shaft *width*. See the notes below.
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headlength : float, default: 5
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Head length as multiple of shaft *width*. See the notes below.
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headaxislength : float, default: 4.5
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Head length at shaft intersection as multiple of shaft *width*.
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See the notes below.
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minshaft : float, default: 1
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Length below which arrow scales, in units of head length. Do not
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set this to less than 1, or small arrows will look terrible!
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minlength : float, default: 1
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Minimum length as a multiple of shaft width; if an arrow length
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is less than this, plot a dot (hexagon) of this diameter instead.
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color : :mpltype:`color` or list :mpltype:`color`, optional
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Explicit color(s) for the arrows. If *C* has been set, *color* has no
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effect.
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This is a synonym for the `.PolyCollection` *facecolor* parameter.
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Other Parameters
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----------------
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data : indexable object, optional
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DATA_PARAMETER_PLACEHOLDER
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**kwargs : `~matplotlib.collections.PolyCollection` properties, optional
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All other keyword arguments are passed on to `.PolyCollection`:
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%(PolyCollection:kwdoc)s
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Returns
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-------
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`~matplotlib.quiver.Quiver`
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See Also
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--------
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.Axes.quiverkey : Add a key to a quiver plot.
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Notes
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-----
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**Arrow shape**
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The arrow is drawn as a polygon using the nodes as shown below. The values
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*headwidth*, *headlength*, and *headaxislength* are in units of *width*.
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.. image:: /_static/quiver_sizes.svg
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:width: 500px
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The defaults give a slightly swept-back arrow. Here are some guidelines how to
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get other head shapes:
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- To make the head a triangle, make *headaxislength* the same as *headlength*.
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- To make the arrow more pointed, reduce *headwidth* or increase *headlength*
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and *headaxislength*.
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- To make the head smaller relative to the shaft, scale down all the head
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parameters proportionally.
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- To remove the head completely, set all *head* parameters to 0.
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- To get a diamond-shaped head, make *headaxislength* larger than *headlength*.
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- Warning: For *headaxislength* < (*headlength* / *headwidth*), the "headaxis"
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nodes (i.e. the ones connecting the head with the shaft) will protrude out
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of the head in forward direction so that the arrow head looks broken.
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)Ú
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quiver_docc ó¶ ‡ — e Zd ZdZdddddœZdddddœZddd d
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dœZd d d
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ddd
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d
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d
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dœˆ fd„
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Zed„ « Z d„ Z
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d„ Z e j d„ « Zd„ Zˆ fd„Zd„ Zˆ xZS )Ú QuiverKeyz2Labelled arrow for use as a quiver plot scale key.ÚcenterÚleftÚright©ÚNÚSÚEÚWÚbottomÚtopÚmiddleÚtipÚtailr ÚaxesNçš™™™™™¹?r )ÚangleÚ coordinatesÚcolorÚlabelsepÚlabelposÚ
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labelcolorÚfontpropertiesÚzorderc óH •— t ‰| � « || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ || _ | | _
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| _ | | _ | xs
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t « | _ || _ t! j" || j$ | j | j& | j | j ¬« | _ | j �%| j( j+ | j « d| _ |
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�|
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| _ y|j. dz | _ y)a
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Add a key to a quiver plot.
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The positioning of the key depends on *X*, *Y*, *coordinates*, and
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*labelpos*. If *labelpos* is 'N' or 'S', *X*, *Y* give the position of
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the middle of the key arrow. If *labelpos* is 'E', *X*, *Y* positions
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the head, and if *labelpos* is 'W', *X*, *Y* positions the tail; in
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either of these two cases, *X*, *Y* is somewhere in the middle of the
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arrow+label key object.
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Parameters
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----------
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Q : `~matplotlib.quiver.Quiver`
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A `.Quiver` object as returned by a call to `~.Axes.quiver()`.
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X, Y : float
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The location of the key.
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U : float
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The length of the key.
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label : str
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The key label (e.g., length and units of the key).
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angle : float, default: 0
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The angle of the key arrow, in degrees anti-clockwise from the
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horizontal axis.
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coordinates : {'axes', 'figure', 'data', 'inches'}, default: 'axes'
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Coordinate system and units for *X*, *Y*: 'axes' and 'figure' are
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normalized coordinate systems with (0, 0) in the lower left and
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(1, 1) in the upper right; 'data' are the axes data coordinates
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(used for the locations of the vectors in the quiver plot itself);
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'inches' is position in the figure in inches, with (0, 0) at the
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lower left corner.
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color : :mpltype:`color`
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Overrides face and edge colors from *Q*.
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labelpos : {'N', 'S', 'E', 'W'}
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Position the label above, below, to the right, to the left of the
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arrow, respectively.
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labelsep : float, default: 0.1
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Distance in inches between the arrow and the label.
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labelcolor : :mpltype:`color`, default: :rc:`text.color`
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Label color.
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fontproperties : dict, optional
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A dictionary with keyword arguments accepted by the
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`~matplotlib.font_manager.FontProperties` initializer:
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*family*, *style*, *variant*, *size*, *weight*.
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zorder : float
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The zorder of the key. The default is 0.1 above *Q*.
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**kwargs
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Any additional keyword arguments are used to override vector
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properties taken from *Q*.
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Helper function to parse positional parameters for colored vector plots.
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This is currently used for Quiver and Barbs.
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Parameters
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----------
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*args : list
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list of 2-5 arguments. Depending on their number they are parsed to::
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U, V
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U, V, C
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X, Y, U, V
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X, Y, U, V, C
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caller_name : str
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Name of the calling method (used in error messages).
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Né é é é z from 2 to 5)ÚtakesÚgivené r c 3 ó< K — | ] }|j « –— Œ y wrs )Úravel©Ú.0Úas r: ú <genexpr>z _parse_args.<locals>.<genexpr>Ø s è ø€ Ò9 !�A—G‘G—IÑ9ùs ‚ z-X and Y must be the same size, but X.size is z and Y.size is ú.c 3 óF K — | ] }t j |« –— Œ y wrs )rN rŒ r� s r: r� z _parse_args.<locals>.<genexpr>Þ s è ø€ Ò/ ”—‘˜— Ñ/ùs ‚ !) ÚlenrN Ú
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dd„Zd„ Zd„ Zdd„Zd„ Zd„ Zˆ xZS )ÚQuiverar
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Specialized PolyCollection for arrows.
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The only API method is set_UVC(), which can be used
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to change the size, orientation, and color of the
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arrows; their locations are fixed when the class is
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instantiated. Possibly this method will be useful
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in animations.
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Much of the work in this class is done in the draw()
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method so that as much information as possible is available
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about the plot. In subsequent draw() calls, recalculation
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is limited to things that might have changed, so there
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× Ñ óó !ðóò6 ò ó ò;öz:r; r© aI
|
|||
|
|
Plot a 2D field of wind barbs.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Call signature::
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
barbs([X, Y], U, V, [C], /, **kwargs)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Where *X*, *Y* define the barb locations, *U*, *V* define the barb
|
|||
|
|
directions, and *C* optionally sets the color.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
The arguments *X*, *Y*, *U*, *V*, *C* are positional-only and may be
|
|||
|
|
1D or 2D. *U*, *V*, *C* may be masked arrays, but masked *X*, *Y*
|
|||
|
|
are not supported at present.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Barbs are traditionally used in meteorology as a way to plot the speed
|
|||
|
|
and direction of wind observations, but can technically be used to
|
|||
|
|
plot any two dimensional vector quantity. As opposed to arrows, which
|
|||
|
|
give vector magnitude by the length of the arrow, the barbs give more
|
|||
|
|
quantitative information about the vector magnitude by putting slanted
|
|||
|
|
lines or a triangle for various increments in magnitude, as show
|
|||
|
|
schematically below::
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
: /\ \
|
|||
|
|
: / \ \
|
|||
|
|
: / \ \ \
|
|||
|
|
: / \ \ \
|
|||
|
|
: ------------------------------
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
The largest increment is given by a triangle (or "flag"). After those
|
|||
|
|
come full lines (barbs). The smallest increment is a half line. There
|
|||
|
|
is only, of course, ever at most 1 half line. If the magnitude is
|
|||
|
|
small and only needs a single half-line and no full lines or
|
|||
|
|
triangles, the half-line is offset from the end of the barb so that it
|
|||
|
|
can be easily distinguished from barbs with a single full line. The
|
|||
|
|
magnitude for the barb shown above would nominally be 65, using the
|
|||
|
|
standard increments of 50, 10, and 5.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_barb.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Parameters
|
|||
|
|
----------
|
|||
|
|
X, Y : 1D or 2D array-like, optional
|
|||
|
|
The x and y coordinates of the barb locations. See *pivot* for how the
|
|||
|
|
barbs are drawn to the x, y positions.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
If not given, they will be generated as a uniform integer meshgrid based
|
|||
|
|
on the dimensions of *U* and *V*.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
If *X* and *Y* are 1D but *U*, *V* are 2D, *X*, *Y* are expanded to 2D
|
|||
|
|
using ``X, Y = np.meshgrid(X, Y)``. In this case ``len(X)`` and ``len(Y)``
|
|||
|
|
must match the column and row dimensions of *U* and *V*.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
U, V : 1D or 2D array-like
|
|||
|
|
The x and y components of the barb shaft.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
C : 1D or 2D array-like, optional
|
|||
|
|
Numeric data that defines the barb colors by colormapping via *norm* and
|
|||
|
|
*cmap*.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
This does not support explicit colors. If you want to set colors directly,
|
|||
|
|
use *barbcolor* instead.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
length : float, default: 7
|
|||
|
|
Length of the barb in points; the other parts of the barb
|
|||
|
|
are scaled against this.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
pivot : {'tip', 'middle'} or float, default: 'tip'
|
|||
|
|
The part of the arrow that is anchored to the *X*, *Y* grid. The barb
|
|||
|
|
rotates about this point. This can also be a number, which shifts the
|
|||
|
|
start of the barb that many points away from grid point.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
barbcolor : :mpltype:`color` or color sequence
|
|||
|
|
The color of all parts of the barb except for the flags. This parameter
|
|||
|
|
is analogous to the *edgecolor* parameter for polygons, which can be used
|
|||
|
|
instead. However this parameter will override facecolor.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
flagcolor : :mpltype:`color` or color sequence
|
|||
|
|
The color of any flags on the barb. This parameter is analogous to the
|
|||
|
|
*facecolor* parameter for polygons, which can be used instead. However,
|
|||
|
|
this parameter will override facecolor. If this is not set (and *C* has
|
|||
|
|
not either) then *flagcolor* will be set to match *barbcolor* so that the
|
|||
|
|
barb has a uniform color. If *C* has been set, *flagcolor* has no effect.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
sizes : dict, optional
|
|||
|
|
A dictionary of coefficients specifying the ratio of a given
|
|||
|
|
feature to the length of the barb. Only those values one wishes to
|
|||
|
|
override need to be included. These features include:
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
- 'spacing' - space between features (flags, full/half barbs)
|
|||
|
|
- 'height' - height (distance from shaft to top) of a flag or full barb
|
|||
|
|
- 'width' - width of a flag, twice the width of a full barb
|
|||
|
|
- 'emptybarb' - radius of the circle used for low magnitudes
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
fill_empty : bool, default: False
|
|||
|
|
Whether the empty barbs (circles) that are drawn should be filled with
|
|||
|
|
the flag color. If they are not filled, the center is transparent.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
rounding : bool, default: True
|
|||
|
|
Whether the vector magnitude should be rounded when allocating barb
|
|||
|
|
components. If True, the magnitude is rounded to the nearest multiple
|
|||
|
|
of the half-barb increment. If False, the magnitude is simply truncated
|
|||
|
|
to the next lowest multiple.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
barb_increments : dict, optional
|
|||
|
|
A dictionary of increments specifying values to associate with
|
|||
|
|
different parts of the barb. Only those values one wishes to
|
|||
|
|
override need to be included.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
- 'half' - half barbs (Default is 5)
|
|||
|
|
- 'full' - full barbs (Default is 10)
|
|||
|
|
- 'flag' - flags (default is 50)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
flip_barb : bool or array-like of bool, default: False
|
|||
|
|
Whether the lines and flags should point opposite to normal.
|
|||
|
|
Normal behavior is for the barbs and lines to point right (comes from wind
|
|||
|
|
barbs having these features point towards low pressure in the Northern
|
|||
|
|
Hemisphere).
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
A single value is applied to all barbs. Individual barbs can be flipped by
|
|||
|
|
passing a bool array of the same size as *U* and *V*.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Returns
|
|||
|
|
-------
|
|||
|
|
barbs : `~matplotlib.quiver.Barbs`
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Other Parameters
|
|||
|
|
----------------
|
|||
|
|
data : indexable object, optional
|
|||
|
|
DATA_PARAMETER_PLACEHOLDER
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
**kwargs
|
|||
|
|
The barbs can further be customized using `.PolyCollection` keyword
|
|||
|
|
arguments:
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
%(PolyCollection:kwdoc)s
|
|||
|
|
)Ú barbs_docc óv ‡ — e Zd ZdZej
|
|||
|
|
ddddddddddœ ˆ fd„
|
|||
|
|
« Zd
|
|||
|
|
d „Zd
|
|||
|
|
„ Zdd „Z ˆ fd „Z
|
|||
|
|
ˆ xZ S )ÚBarbsa>
|
|||
|
|
Specialized PolyCollection for barbs.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
The only API method is :meth:`set_UVC`, which can be used to
|
|||
|
|
change the size, orientation, and color of the arrows. Locations
|
|||
|
|
are changed using the :meth:`set_offsets` collection method.
|
|||
|
|
Possibly this method will be useful in animations.
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
There is one internal function :meth:`_find_tails` which finds
|
|||
|
|
exactly what should be put on the barb given the vector magnitude.
|
|||
|
|
From there :meth:`_make_barbs` is used to find the vertices of the
|